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# -*- test-case-name: twisted.conch.test.test_keys -*-
# Copyright (c) 2001-2010 Twisted Matrix Laboratories.
# See LICENSE for details.
"""
Handling of RSA and DSA keys.
Maintainer: U{Paul Swartz}
"""
# base library imports
import base64
import warnings
import itertools
# external library imports
from Crypto.Cipher import DES3
from Crypto.PublicKey import RSA, DSA
from Crypto import Util
from pyasn1.type import univ
from pyasn1.codec.ber import decoder as berDecoder
from pyasn1.codec.ber import encoder as berEncoder
# twisted
from twisted.python import randbytes
from twisted.python.hashlib import md5, sha1
# sibling imports
from twisted.conch.ssh import common, sexpy
class BadKeyError(Exception):
"""
Raised when a key isn't what we expected from it.
XXX: we really need to check for bad keys
"""
class EncryptedKeyError(Exception):
"""
Raised when an encrypted key is presented to fromString/fromFile without
a password.
"""
class Key(object):
"""
An object representing a key. A key can be either a public or
private key. A public key can verify a signature; a private key can
create or verify a signature. To generate a string that can be stored
on disk, use the toString method. If you have a private key, but want
the string representation of the public key, use Key.public().toString().
@ivar keyObject: The C{Crypto.PublicKey.pubkey.pubkey} object that
operations are performed with.
"""
def fromFile(Class, filename, type=None, passphrase=None):
"""
Return a Key object corresponding to the data in filename. type
and passphrase function as they do in fromString.
"""
return Class.fromString(file(filename, 'rb').read(), type, passphrase)
fromFile = classmethod(fromFile)
def fromString(Class, data, type=None, passphrase=None):
"""
Return a Key object corresponding to the string data.
type is optionally the type of string, matching a _fromString_*
method. Otherwise, the _guessStringType() classmethod will be used
to guess a type. If the key is encrypted, passphrase is used as
the decryption key.
@type data: C{str}
@type type: C{None}/C{str}
@type passphrase: C{None}/C{str}
@rtype: C{Key}
"""
if type is None:
type = Class._guessStringType(data)
if type is None:
raise BadKeyError('cannot guess the type of %r' % data)
method = getattr(Class, '_fromString_%s' % type.upper(), None)
if method is None:
raise BadKeyError('no _fromString method for %s' % type)
if method.func_code.co_argcount == 2: # no passphrase
if passphrase:
raise BadKeyError('key not encrypted')
return method(data)
else:
return method(data, passphrase)
fromString = classmethod(fromString)
def _fromString_BLOB(Class, blob):
"""
Return a public key object corresponding to this public key blob.
The format of a RSA public key blob is::
string 'ssh-rsa'
integer e
integer n
The format of a DSA public key blob is::
string 'ssh-dss'
integer p
integer q
integer g
integer y
@type blob: C{str}
@return: a C{Crypto.PublicKey.pubkey.pubkey} object
@raises BadKeyError: if the key type (the first string) is unknown.
"""
keyType, rest = common.getNS(blob)
if keyType == 'ssh-rsa':
e, n, rest = common.getMP(rest, 2)
return Class(RSA.construct((n, e)))
elif keyType == 'ssh-dss':
p, q, g, y, rest = common.getMP(rest, 4)
return Class(DSA.construct((y, g, p, q)))
else:
raise BadKeyError('unknown blob type: %s' % keyType)
_fromString_BLOB = classmethod(_fromString_BLOB)
def _fromString_PRIVATE_BLOB(Class, blob):
"""
Return a private key object corresponding to this private key blob.
The blob formats are as follows:
RSA keys::
string 'ssh-rsa'
integer n
integer e
integer d
integer u
integer p
integer q
DSA keys::
string 'ssh-dss'
integer p
integer q
integer g
integer y
integer x
@type blob: C{str}
@return: a C{Crypto.PublicKey.pubkey.pubkey} object
@raises BadKeyError: if the key type (the first string) is unknown.
"""
keyType, rest = common.getNS(blob)
if keyType == 'ssh-rsa':
n, e, d, u, p, q, rest = common.getMP(rest, 6)
rsakey = Class(RSA.construct((n, e, d, p, q, u)))
return rsakey
elif keyType == 'ssh-dss':
p, q, g, y, x, rest = common.getMP(rest, 5)
dsakey = Class(DSA.construct((y, g, p, q, x)))
return dsakey
else:
raise BadKeyError('unknown blob type: %s' % keyType)
_fromString_PRIVATE_BLOB = classmethod(_fromString_PRIVATE_BLOB)
def _fromString_PUBLIC_OPENSSH(Class, data):
"""
Return a public key object corresponding to this OpenSSH public key
string. The format of an OpenSSH public key string is::
<key type> <base64-encoded public key blob>
@type data: C{str}
@return: A {Crypto.PublicKey.pubkey.pubkey} object
@raises BadKeyError: if the blob type is unknown.
"""
blob = base64.decodestring(data.split()[1])
return Class._fromString_BLOB(blob)
_fromString_PUBLIC_OPENSSH = classmethod(_fromString_PUBLIC_OPENSSH)
def _fromString_PRIVATE_OPENSSH(Class, data, passphrase):
"""
Return a private key object corresponding to this OpenSSH private key
string. If the key is encrypted, passphrase MUST be provided.
Providing a passphrase for an unencrypted key is an error.
The format of an OpenSSH private key string is::
-----BEGIN <key type> PRIVATE KEY-----
[Proc-Type: 4,ENCRYPTED
DEK-Info: DES-EDE3-CBC,<initialization value>]
<base64-encoded ASN.1 structure>
------END <key type> PRIVATE KEY------
The ASN.1 structure of a RSA key is::
(0, n, e, d, p, q)
The ASN.1 structure of a DSA key is::
(0, p, q, g, y, x)
@type data: C{str}
@type passphrase: C{str}
@return: a C{Crypto.PublicKey.pubkey.pubkey} object
@raises BadKeyError: if
* a passphrase is provided for an unencrypted key
* a passphrase is not provided for an encrypted key
* the ASN.1 encoding is incorrect
"""
lines = [x + '\n' for x in data.split('\n')]
kind = lines[0][11:14]
if lines[1].startswith('Proc-Type: 4,ENCRYPTED'): # encrypted key
ivdata = lines[2].split(',')[1][:-1]
iv = ''.join([chr(int(ivdata[i:i + 2], 16)) for i in range(0,
len(ivdata), 2)])
if not passphrase:
raise EncryptedKeyError('encrypted key with no passphrase')
ba = md5(passphrase + iv).digest()
bb = md5(ba + passphrase + iv).digest()
decKey = (ba + bb)[:24]
b64Data = base64.decodestring(''.join(lines[3:-1]))
keyData = DES3.new(decKey, DES3.MODE_CBC, iv).decrypt(b64Data)
removeLen = ord(keyData[-1])
keyData = keyData[:-removeLen]
else:
b64Data = ''.join(lines[1:-1])
keyData = base64.decodestring(b64Data)
try:
decodedKey = berDecoder.decode(keyData)[0]
except Exception, e:
raise BadKeyError, 'something wrong with decode'
if kind == 'RSA':
if len(decodedKey) == 2: # alternate RSA key
decodedKey = decodedKey[0]
if len(decodedKey) < 6:
raise BadKeyError('RSA key failed to decode properly')
n, e, d, p, q = [long(value) for value in decodedKey[1:6]]
if p > q: # make p smaller than q
p, q = q, p
return Class(RSA.construct((n, e, d, p, q)))
elif kind == 'DSA':
p, q, g, y, x = [long(value) for value in decodedKey[1: 6]]
if len(decodedKey) < 6:
raise BadKeyError('DSA key failed to decode properly')
return Class(DSA.construct((y, g, p, q, x)))
_fromString_PRIVATE_OPENSSH = classmethod(_fromString_PRIVATE_OPENSSH)
def _fromString_PUBLIC_LSH(Class, data):
"""
Return a public key corresponding to this LSH public key string.
The LSH public key string format is::
<s-expression: ('public-key', (<key type>, (<name, <value>)+))>
The names for a RSA (key type 'rsa-pkcs1-sha1') key are: n, e.
The names for a DSA (key type 'dsa') key are: y, g, p, q.
@type data: C{str}
@return: a C{Crypto.PublicKey.pubkey.pubkey} object
@raises BadKeyError: if the key type is unknown
"""
sexp = sexpy.parse(base64.decodestring(data[1:-1]))
assert sexp[0] == 'public-key'
kd = {}
for name, data in sexp[1][1:]:
kd[name] = common.getMP(common.NS(data))[0]
if sexp[1][0] == 'dsa':
return Class(DSA.construct((kd['y'], kd['g'], kd['p'], kd['q'])))
elif sexp[1][0] == 'rsa-pkcs1-sha1':
return Class(RSA.construct((kd['n'], kd['e'])))
else:
raise BadKeyError('unknown lsh key type %s' % sexp[1][0])
_fromString_PUBLIC_LSH = classmethod(_fromString_PUBLIC_LSH)
def _fromString_PRIVATE_LSH(Class, data):
"""
Return a private key corresponding to this LSH private key string.
The LSH private key string format is::
<s-expression: ('private-key', (<key type>, (<name>, <value>)+))>
The names for a RSA (key type 'rsa-pkcs1-sha1') key are: n, e, d, p, q.
The names for a DSA (key type 'dsa') key are: y, g, p, q, x.
@type data: C{str}
@return: a {Crypto.PublicKey.pubkey.pubkey} object
@raises BadKeyError: if the key type is unknown
"""
sexp = sexpy.parse(data)
assert sexp[0] == 'private-key'
kd = {}
for name, data in sexp[1][1:]:
kd[name] = common.getMP(common.NS(data))[0]
if sexp[1][0] == 'dsa':
assert len(kd) == 5, len(kd)
return Class(DSA.construct((kd['y'], kd['g'], kd['p'],
kd['q'], kd['x'])))
elif sexp[1][0] == 'rsa-pkcs1':
assert len(kd) == 8, len(kd)
if kd['p'] > kd['q']: # make p smaller than q
kd['p'], kd['q'] = kd['q'], kd['p']
return Class(RSA.construct((kd['n'], kd['e'], kd['d'],
kd['p'], kd['q'])))
else:
raise BadKeyError('unknown lsh key type %s' % sexp[1][0])
_fromString_PRIVATE_LSH = classmethod(_fromString_PRIVATE_LSH)
def _fromString_AGENTV3(Class, data):
"""
Return a private key object corresponsing to the Secure Shell Key
Agent v3 format.
The SSH Key Agent v3 format for a RSA key is::
string 'ssh-rsa'
integer e
integer d
integer n
integer u
integer p
integer q
The SSH Key Agent v3 format for a DSA key is::
string 'ssh-dss'
integer p
integer q
integer g
integer y
integer x
@type data: C{str}
@return: a C{Crypto.PublicKey.pubkey.pubkey} object
@raises BadKeyError: if the key type (the first string) is unknown
"""
keyType, data = common.getNS(data)
if keyType == 'ssh-dss':
p, data = common.getMP(data)
q, data = common.getMP(data)
g, data = common.getMP(data)
y, data = common.getMP(data)
x, data = common.getMP(data)
return Class(DSA.construct((y,g,p,q,x)))
elif keyType == 'ssh-rsa':
e, data = common.getMP(data)
d, data = common.getMP(data)
n, data = common.getMP(data)
u, data = common.getMP(data)
p, data = common.getMP(data)
q, data = common.getMP(data)
return Class(RSA.construct((n,e,d,p,q,u)))
else:
raise BadKeyError("unknown key type %s" % keyType)
_fromString_AGENTV3 = classmethod(_fromString_AGENTV3)
def _guessStringType(Class, data):
"""
Guess the type of key in data. The types map to _fromString_*
methods.
"""
if data.startswith('ssh-'):
return 'public_openssh'
elif data.startswith('-----BEGIN'):
return 'private_openssh'
elif data.startswith('{'):
return 'public_lsh'
elif data.startswith('('):
return 'private_lsh'
elif data.startswith('\x00\x00\x00\x07ssh-'):
ignored, rest = common.getNS(data)
count = 0
while rest:
count += 1
ignored, rest = common.getMP(rest)
if count > 4:
return 'agentv3'
else:
return 'blob'
_guessStringType = classmethod(_guessStringType)
def __init__(self, keyObject):
"""
Initialize a PublicKey with a C{Crypto.PublicKey.pubkey.pubkey}
object.
@type keyObject: C{Crypto.PublicKey.pubkey.pubkey}
"""
self.keyObject = keyObject
def __eq__(self, other):
"""
Return True if other represents an object with the same key.
"""
if type(self) == type(other):
return self.type() == other.type() and self.data() == other.data()
else:
return NotImplemented
def __ne__(self, other):
"""
Return True if other represents anything other than this key.
"""
result = self.__eq__(other)
if result == NotImplemented:
return result
return not result
def __repr__(self):
"""
Return a pretty representation of this object.
"""
lines = ['<%s %s (%s bits)' % (self.type(),
self.isPublic() and 'Public Key' or 'Private Key',
self.keyObject.size())]
for k, v in self.data().items():
lines.append('attr %s:' % k)
by = common.MP(v)[4:]
while by:
m = by[:15]
by = by[15:]
o = ''
for c in m:
o = o + '%02x:' % ord(c)
if len(m) < 15:
o = o[:-1]
lines.append('\t' + o)
lines[-1] = lines[-1] + '>'
return '\n'.join(lines)
def isPublic(self):
"""
Returns True if this Key is a public key.
"""
return not self.keyObject.has_private()
def public(self):
"""
Returns a version of this key containing only the public key data.
If this is a public key, this may or may not be the same object
as self.
"""
return Key(self.keyObject.publickey())
def fingerprint(self):
"""
Get the user presentation of the fingerprint of this L{Key}. As
described by U{RFC 4716 section
4<http://tools.ietf.org/html/rfc4716#section-4>}::
The fingerprint of a public key consists of the output of the MD5
message-digest algorithm [RFC1321]. The input to the algorithm is
the public key data as specified by [RFC4253]. (...) The output
of the (MD5) algorithm is presented to the user as a sequence of 16
octets printed as hexadecimal with lowercase letters and separated
by colons.
@since: 8.2
@return: the user presentation of this L{Key}'s fingerprint, as a
string.
@rtype: L{str}
"""
return ':'.join([x.encode('hex') for x in md5(self.blob()).digest()])
def type(self):
"""
Return the type of the object we wrap. Currently this can only be
'RSA' or 'DSA'.
"""
# the class is Crypto.PublicKey.<type>.<stuff we don't care about>
klass = str(self.keyObject.__class__)
if klass.startswith('Crypto.PublicKey'):
type = klass.split('.')[2]
else:
raise RuntimeError('unknown type of object: %r' % self.keyObject)
if type in ('RSA', 'DSA'):
return type
else:
raise RuntimeError('unknown type of key: %s' % type)
def sshType(self):
"""
Return the type of the object we wrap as defined in the ssh protocol.
Currently this can only be 'ssh-rsa' or 'ssh-dss'.
"""
return {'RSA':'ssh-rsa', 'DSA':'ssh-dss'}[self.type()]
def data(self):
"""
Return the values of the public key as a dictionary.
@rtype: C{dict}
"""
keyData = {}
for name in self.keyObject.keydata:
value = getattr(self.keyObject, name, None)
if value is not None:
keyData[name] = value
return keyData
def blob(self):
"""
Return the public key blob for this key. The blob is the
over-the-wire format for public keys:
RSA keys::
string 'ssh-rsa'
integer e
integer n
DSA keys::
string 'ssh-dss'
integer p
integer q
integer g
integer y
@rtype: C{str}
"""
type = self.type()
data = self.data()
if type == 'RSA':
return (common.NS('ssh-rsa') + common.MP(data['e']) +
common.MP(data['n']))
elif type == 'DSA':
return (common.NS('ssh-dss') + common.MP(data['p']) +
common.MP(data['q']) + common.MP(data['g']) +
common.MP(data['y']))
def privateBlob(self):
"""
Return the private key blob for this key. The blob is the
over-the-wire format for private keys:
RSA keys::
string 'ssh-rsa'
integer n
integer e
integer d
integer u
integer p
integer q
DSA keys::
string 'ssh-dss'
integer p
integer q
integer g
integer y
integer x
"""
type = self.type()
data = self.data()
if type == 'RSA':
return (common.NS('ssh-rsa') + common.MP(data['n']) +
common.MP(data['e']) + common.MP(data['d']) +
common.MP(data['u']) + common.MP(data['p']) +
common.MP(data['q']))
elif type == 'DSA':
return (common.NS('ssh-dss') + common.MP(data['p']) +
common.MP(data['q']) + common.MP(data['g']) +
common.MP(data['y']) + common.MP(data['x']))
def toString(self, type, extra=None):
"""
Create a string representation of this key. If the key is a private
key and you want the represenation of its public key, use
C{key.public().toString()}. type maps to a _toString_* method.
@param type: The type of string to emit. Currently supported values
are C{'OPENSSH'}, C{'LSH'}, and C{'AGENTV3'}.
@type type: L{str}
@param extra: Any extra data supported by the selected format which
is not part of the key itself. For public OpenSSH keys, this is
a comment. For private OpenSSH keys, this is a passphrase to
encrypt with.
@type extra: L{str} or L{NoneType}
@rtype: L{str}
"""
method = getattr(self, '_toString_%s' % type.upper(), None)
if method is None:
raise BadKeyError('unknown type: %s' % type)
if method.func_code.co_argcount == 2:
return method(extra)
else:
return method()
def _toString_OPENSSH(self, extra):
"""
Return a public or private OpenSSH string. See
_fromString_PUBLIC_OPENSSH and _fromString_PRIVATE_OPENSSH for the
string formats. If extra is present, it represents a comment for a
public key, or a passphrase for a private key.
@type extra: C{str}
@rtype: C{str}
"""
data = self.data()
if self.isPublic():
b64Data = base64.encodestring(self.blob()).replace('\n', '')
if not extra:
extra = ''
return ('%s %s %s' % (self.sshType(), b64Data, extra)).strip()
else:
lines = ['-----BEGIN %s PRIVATE KEY-----' % self.type()]
if self.type() == 'RSA':
p, q = data['p'], data['q']
objData = (0, data['n'], data['e'], data['d'], q, p,
data['d'] % (q - 1), data['d'] % (p - 1),
data['u'])
else:
objData = (0, data['p'], data['q'], data['g'], data['y'],
data['x'])
asn1Sequence = univ.Sequence()
for index, value in itertools.izip(itertools.count(), objData):
asn1Sequence.setComponentByPosition(index, univ.Integer(value))
asn1Data = berEncoder.encode(asn1Sequence)
if extra:
iv = randbytes.secureRandom(8)
hexiv = ''.join(['%02X' % ord(x) for x in iv])
lines.append('Proc-Type: 4,ENCRYPTED')
lines.append('DEK-Info: DES-EDE3-CBC,%s\n' % hexiv)
ba = md5(extra + iv).digest()
bb = md5(ba + extra + iv).digest()
encKey = (ba + bb)[:24]
padLen = 8 - (len(asn1Data) % 8)
asn1Data += (chr(padLen) * padLen)
asn1Data = DES3.new(encKey, DES3.MODE_CBC,
iv).encrypt(asn1Data)
b64Data = base64.encodestring(asn1Data).replace('\n', '')
lines += [b64Data[i:i + 64] for i in range(0, len(b64Data), 64)]
lines.append('-----END %s PRIVATE KEY-----' % self.type())
return '\n'.join(lines)
def _toString_LSH(self):
"""
Return a public or private LSH key. See _fromString_PUBLIC_LSH and
_fromString_PRIVATE_LSH for the key formats.
@rtype: C{str}
"""
data = self.data()
if self.isPublic():
if self.type() == 'RSA':
keyData = sexpy.pack([['public-key', ['rsa-pkcs1-sha1',
['n', common.MP(data['n'])[4:]],
['e', common.MP(data['e'])[4:]]]]])
elif self.type() == 'DSA':
keyData = sexpy.pack([['public-key', ['dsa',
['p', common.MP(data['p'])[4:]],
['q', common.MP(data['q'])[4:]],
['g', common.MP(data['g'])[4:]],
['y', common.MP(data['y'])[4:]]]]])
return '{' + base64.encodestring(keyData).replace('\n', '') + '}'
else:
if self.type() == 'RSA':
p, q = data['p'], data['q']
return sexpy.pack([['private-key', ['rsa-pkcs1',
['n', common.MP(data['n'])[4:]],
['e', common.MP(data['e'])[4:]],
['d', common.MP(data['d'])[4:]],
['p', common.MP(q)[4:]],
['q', common.MP(p)[4:]],
['a', common.MP(data['d'] % (q - 1))[4:]],
['b', common.MP(data['d'] % (p - 1))[4:]],
['c', common.MP(data['u'])[4:]]]]])
elif self.type() == 'DSA':
return sexpy.pack([['private-key', ['dsa',
['p', common.MP(data['p'])[4:]],
['q', common.MP(data['q'])[4:]],
['g', common.MP(data['g'])[4:]],
['y', common.MP(data['y'])[4:]],
['x', common.MP(data['x'])[4:]]]]])
def _toString_AGENTV3(self):
"""
Return a private Secure Shell Agent v3 key. See
_fromString_AGENTV3 for the key format.
@rtype: C{str}
"""
data = self.data()
if not self.isPublic():
if self.type() == 'RSA':
values = (data['e'], data['d'], data['n'], data['u'],
data['p'], data['q'])
elif self.type() == 'DSA':
values = (data['p'], data['q'], data['g'], data['y'],
data['x'])
return common.NS(self.sshType()) + ''.join(map(common.MP, values))
def sign(self, data):
"""
Returns a signature with this Key.
@type data: C{str}
@rtype: C{str}
"""
if self.type() == 'RSA':
digest = pkcs1Digest(data, self.keyObject.size()/8)
signature = self.keyObject.sign(digest, '')[0]
ret = common.NS(Util.number.long_to_bytes(signature))
elif self.type() == 'DSA':
digest = sha1(data).digest()
randomBytes = randbytes.secureRandom(19)
sig = self.keyObject.sign(digest, randomBytes)
# SSH insists that the DSS signature blob be two 160-bit integers
# concatenated together. The sig[0], [1] numbers from obj.sign
# are just numbers, and could be any length from 0 to 160 bits.
# Make sure they are padded out to 160 bits (20 bytes each)
ret = common.NS(Util.number.long_to_bytes(sig[0], 20) +
Util.number.long_to_bytes(sig[1], 20))
return common.NS(self.sshType()) + ret
def verify(self, signature, data):
"""
Returns true if the signature for data is valid for this Key.
@type signature: C{str}
@type data: C{str}
@rtype: C{bool}
"""
signatureType, signature = common.getNS(signature)
if signatureType != self.sshType():
return False
if self.type() == 'RSA':
numbers = common.getMP(signature)
digest = pkcs1Digest(data, self.keyObject.size() / 8)
elif self.type() == 'DSA':
signature = common.getNS(signature)[0]
numbers = [Util.number.bytes_to_long(n) for n in signature[:20],
signature[20:]]
digest = sha1(data).digest()
return self.keyObject.verify(digest, numbers)
def objectType(obj):
"""
Return the SSH key type corresponding to a C{Crypto.PublicKey.pubkey.pubkey}
object.
@type obj: C{Crypto.PublicKey.pubkey.pubkey}
@rtype: C{str}
"""
keyDataMapping = {
('n', 'e', 'd', 'p', 'q'): 'ssh-rsa',
('n', 'e', 'd', 'p', 'q', 'u'): 'ssh-rsa',
('y', 'g', 'p', 'q', 'x'): 'ssh-dss'
}
try:
return keyDataMapping[tuple(obj.keydata)]
except (KeyError, AttributeError):
raise BadKeyError("invalid key object", obj)
def pkcs1Pad(data, messageLength):
"""
Pad out data to messageLength according to the PKCS#1 standard.
@type data: C{str}
@type messageLength: C{int}
"""
lenPad = messageLength - 2 - len(data)
return '\x01' + ('\xff' * lenPad) + '\x00' + data
def pkcs1Digest(data, messageLength):
"""
Create a message digest using the SHA1 hash algorithm according to the
PKCS#1 standard.
@type data: C{str}
@type messageLength: C{str}
"""
digest = sha1(data).digest()
return pkcs1Pad(ID_SHA1+digest, messageLength)
def lenSig(obj):
"""
Return the length of the signature in bytes for a key object.
@type obj: C{Crypto.PublicKey.pubkey.pubkey}
@rtype: C{long}
"""
return obj.size()/8
ID_SHA1 = '\x30\x21\x30\x09\x06\x05\x2b\x0e\x03\x02\x1a\x05\x00\x04\x14'
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