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__all__ = ['matrix', 'bmat', 'mat', 'asmatrix']
import sys
import numpy.core.numeric as N
from numpy.core.numeric import concatenate, isscalar, binary_repr, identity, asanyarray
from numpy.core.numerictypes import issubdtype
# make translation table
_table = [None]*256
for k in range(256):
_table[k] = chr(k)
_table = ''.join(_table)
_numchars = '0123456789.-+jeEL'
_todelete = []
for k in _table:
if k not in _numchars:
_todelete.append(k)
_todelete = ''.join(_todelete)
del k
def _eval(astr):
return eval(astr.translate(_table,_todelete))
def _convert_from_string(data):
rows = data.split(';')
newdata = []
count = 0
for row in rows:
trow = row.split(',')
newrow = []
for col in trow:
temp = col.split()
newrow.extend(map(_eval,temp))
if count == 0:
Ncols = len(newrow)
elif len(newrow) != Ncols:
raise ValueError, "Rows not the same size."
count += 1
newdata.append(newrow)
return newdata
def asmatrix(data, dtype=None):
"""
Interpret the input as a matrix.
Unlike `matrix`, `asmatrix` does not make a copy if the input is already
a matrix or an ndarray. Equivalent to ``matrix(data, copy=False)``.
Parameters
----------
data : array_like
Input data.
Returns
-------
mat : matrix
`data` interpreted as a matrix.
Examples
--------
>>> x = np.array([[1, 2], [3, 4]])
>>> m = np.asmatrix(x)
>>> x[0,0] = 5
>>> m
matrix([[5, 2],
[3, 4]])
"""
return matrix(data, dtype=dtype, copy=False)
def matrix_power(M,n):
"""
Raise a square matrix to the (integer) power `n`.
For positive integers `n`, the power is computed by repeated matrix
squarings and matrix multiplications. If ``n == 0``, the identity matrix
of the same shape as M is returned. If ``n < 0``, the inverse
is computed and then raised to the ``abs(n)``.
Parameters
----------
M : ndarray or matrix object
Matrix to be "powered." Must be square, i.e. ``M.shape == (m, m)``,
with `m` a positive integer.
n : int
The exponent can be any integer or long integer, positive,
negative, or zero.
Returns
-------
M**n : ndarray or matrix object
The return value is the same shape and type as `M`;
if the exponent is positive or zero then the type of the
elements is the same as those of `M`. If the exponent is
negative the elements are floating-point.
Raises
------
LinAlgError
If the matrix is not numerically invertible.
See Also
--------
matrix
Provides an equivalent function as the exponentiation operator
(``**``, not ``^``).
Examples
--------
>>> from numpy import linalg as LA
>>> i = np.array([[0, 1], [-1, 0]]) # matrix equiv. of the imaginary unit
>>> LA.matrix_power(i, 3) # should = -i
array([[ 0, -1],
[ 1, 0]])
>>> LA.matrix_power(np.matrix(i), 3) # matrix arg returns matrix
matrix([[ 0, -1],
[ 1, 0]])
>>> LA.matrix_power(i, 0)
array([[1, 0],
[0, 1]])
>>> LA.matrix_power(i, -3) # should = 1/(-i) = i, but w/ f.p. elements
array([[ 0., 1.],
[-1., 0.]])
Somewhat more sophisticated example
>>> q = np.zeros((4, 4))
>>> q[0:2, 0:2] = -i
>>> q[2:4, 2:4] = i
>>> q # one of the three quarternion units not equal to 1
array([[ 0., -1., 0., 0.],
[ 1., 0., 0., 0.],
[ 0., 0., 0., 1.],
[ 0., 0., -1., 0.]])
>>> LA.matrix_power(q, 2) # = -np.eye(4)
array([[-1., 0., 0., 0.],
[ 0., -1., 0., 0.],
[ 0., 0., -1., 0.],
[ 0., 0., 0., -1.]])
"""
M = asanyarray(M)
if len(M.shape) != 2 or M.shape[0] != M.shape[1]:
raise ValueError("input must be a square array")
if not issubdtype(type(n),int):
raise TypeError("exponent must be an integer")
from numpy.linalg import inv
if n==0:
M = M.copy()
M[:] = identity(M.shape[0])
return M
elif n<0:
M = inv(M)
n *= -1
result = M
if n <= 3:
for _ in range(n-1):
result=N.dot(result,M)
return result
# binary decomposition to reduce the number of Matrix
# multiplications for n > 3.
beta = binary_repr(n)
Z,q,t = M,0,len(beta)
while beta[t-q-1] == '0':
Z = N.dot(Z,Z)
q += 1
result = Z
for k in range(q+1,t):
Z = N.dot(Z,Z)
if beta[t-k-1] == '1':
result = N.dot(result,Z)
return result
class matrix(N.ndarray):
"""
matrix(data, dtype=None, copy=True)
Returns a matrix from an array-like object, or from a string
of data. A matrix is a specialized 2-d array that retains
its 2-d nature through operations. It has certain special
operators, such as ``*`` (matrix multiplication) and
``**`` (matrix power).
Parameters
----------
data : array_like or string
If data is a string, the string is interpreted as a matrix
with commas or spaces separating columns, and semicolons
separating rows.
dtype : data-type
Data-type of the output matrix.
copy : bool
If data is already an ndarray, then this flag determines whether
the data is copied, or whether a view is constructed.
See Also
--------
array
Examples
--------
>>> a = np.matrix('1 2; 3 4')
>>> print a
[[1 2]
[3 4]]
>>> np.matrix([[1, 2], [3, 4]])
matrix([[1, 2],
[3, 4]])
"""
__array_priority__ = 10.0
def __new__(subtype, data, dtype=None, copy=True):
if isinstance(data, matrix):
dtype2 = data.dtype
if (dtype is None):
dtype = dtype2
if (dtype2 == dtype) and (not copy):
return data
return data.astype(dtype)
if isinstance(data, N.ndarray):
if dtype is None:
intype = data.dtype
else:
intype = N.dtype(dtype)
new = data.view(subtype)
if intype != data.dtype:
return new.astype(intype)
if copy: return new.copy()
else: return new
if isinstance(data, str):
data = _convert_from_string(data)
# now convert data to an array
arr = N.array(data, dtype=dtype, copy=copy)
ndim = arr.ndim
shape = arr.shape
if (ndim > 2):
raise ValueError, "matrix must be 2-dimensional"
elif ndim == 0:
shape = (1,1)
elif ndim == 1:
shape = (1,shape[0])
order = False
if (ndim == 2) and arr.flags.fortran:
order = True
if not (order or arr.flags.contiguous):
arr = arr.copy()
ret = N.ndarray.__new__(subtype, shape, arr.dtype,
buffer=arr,
order=order)
return ret
def __array_finalize__(self, obj):
self._getitem = False
if (isinstance(obj, matrix) and obj._getitem): return
ndim = self.ndim
if (ndim == 2):
return
if (ndim > 2):
newshape = tuple([x for x in self.shape if x > 1])
ndim = len(newshape)
if ndim == 2:
self.shape = newshape
return
elif (ndim > 2):
raise ValueError, "shape too large to be a matrix."
else:
newshape = self.shape
if ndim == 0:
self.shape = (1,1)
elif ndim == 1:
self.shape = (1,newshape[0])
return
def __getitem__(self, index):
self._getitem = True
try:
out = N.ndarray.__getitem__(self, index)
finally:
self._getitem = False
if not isinstance(out, N.ndarray):
return out
if out.ndim == 0:
return out[()]
if out.ndim == 1:
sh = out.shape[0]
# Determine when we should have a column array
try:
n = len(index)
except:
n = 0
if n > 1 and isscalar(index[1]):
out.shape = (sh,1)
else:
out.shape = (1,sh)
return out
def __mul__(self, other):
if isinstance(other,(N.ndarray, list, tuple)) :
# This promotes 1-D vectors to row vectors
return N.dot(self, asmatrix(other))
if isscalar(other) or not hasattr(other, '__rmul__') :
return N.dot(self, other)
return NotImplemented
def __rmul__(self, other):
return N.dot(other, self)
def __imul__(self, other):
self[:] = self * other
return self
def __pow__(self, other):
return matrix_power(self, other)
def __ipow__(self, other):
self[:] = self ** other
return self
def __rpow__(self, other):
return NotImplemented
def __repr__(self):
s = repr(self.__array__()).replace('array', 'matrix')
# now, 'matrix' has 6 letters, and 'array' 5, so the columns don't
# line up anymore. We need to add a space.
l = s.splitlines()
for i in range(1, len(l)):
if l[i]:
l[i] = ' ' + l[i]
return '\n'.join(l)
def __str__(self):
return str(self.__array__())
def _align(self, axis):
"""A convenience function for operations that need to preserve axis
orientation.
"""
if axis is None:
return self[0,0]
elif axis==0:
return self
elif axis==1:
return self.transpose()
else:
raise ValueError, "unsupported axis"
# Necessary because base-class tolist expects dimension
# reduction by x[0]
def tolist(self):
"""
Return the matrix as a (possibly nested) list.
See `ndarray.tolist` for full documentation.
See Also
--------
ndarray.tolist
Examples
--------
>>> x = np.matrix(np.arange(12).reshape((3,4))); x
matrix([[ 0, 1, 2, 3],
[ 4, 5, 6, 7],
[ 8, 9, 10, 11]])
>>> x.tolist()
[[0, 1, 2, 3], [4, 5, 6, 7], [8, 9, 10, 11]]
"""
return self.__array__().tolist()
# To preserve orientation of result...
def sum(self, axis=None, dtype=None, out=None):
"""
Returns the sum of the matrix elements, along the given axis.
Refer to `numpy.sum` for full documentation.
See Also
--------
numpy.sum
Notes
-----
This is the same as `ndarray.sum`, except that where an `ndarray` would
be returned, a `matrix` object is returned instead.
Examples
--------
>>> x = np.matrix([[1, 2], [4, 3]])
>>> x.sum()
10
>>> x.sum(axis=1)
matrix([[3],
[7]])
>>> x.sum(axis=1, dtype='float')
matrix([[ 3.],
[ 7.]])
>>> out = np.zeros((1, 2), dtype='float')
>>> x.sum(axis=1, dtype='float', out=out)
matrix([[ 3.],
[ 7.]])
"""
return N.ndarray.sum(self, axis, dtype, out)._align(axis)
def mean(self, axis=None, dtype=None, out=None):
"""
Returns the average of the matrix elements along the given axis.
Refer to `numpy.mean` for full documentation.
See Also
--------
numpy.mean
Notes
-----
Same as `ndarray.mean` except that, where that returns an `ndarray`,
this returns a `matrix` object.
Examples
--------
>>> x = np.matrix(np.arange(12).reshape((3, 4)))
>>> x
matrix([[ 0, 1, 2, 3],
[ 4, 5, 6, 7],
[ 8, 9, 10, 11]])
>>> x.mean()
5.5
>>> x.mean(0)
matrix([[ 4., 5., 6., 7.]])
>>> x.mean(1)
matrix([[ 1.5],
[ 5.5],
[ 9.5]])
"""
return N.ndarray.mean(self, axis, dtype, out)._align(axis)
def std(self, axis=None, dtype=None, out=None, ddof=0):
"""
Return the standard deviation of the array elements along the given axis.
Refer to `numpy.std` for full documentation.
See Also
--------
numpy.std
Notes
-----
This is the same as `ndarray.std`, except that where an `ndarray` would
be returned, a `matrix` object is returned instead.
Examples
--------
>>> x = np.matrix(np.arange(12).reshape((3, 4)))
>>> x
matrix([[ 0, 1, 2, 3],
[ 4, 5, 6, 7],
[ 8, 9, 10, 11]])
>>> x.std()
3.4520525295346629
>>> x.std(0)
matrix([[ 3.26598632, 3.26598632, 3.26598632, 3.26598632]])
>>> x.std(1)
matrix([[ 1.11803399],
[ 1.11803399],
[ 1.11803399]])
"""
return N.ndarray.std(self, axis, dtype, out, ddof)._align(axis)
def var(self, axis=None, dtype=None, out=None, ddof=0):
"""
Returns the variance of the matrix elements, along the given axis.
Refer to `numpy.var` for full documentation.
See Also
--------
numpy.var
Notes
-----
This is the same as `ndarray.var`, except that where an `ndarray` would
be returned, a `matrix` object is returned instead.
Examples
--------
>>> x = np.matrix(np.arange(12).reshape((3, 4)))
>>> x
matrix([[ 0, 1, 2, 3],
[ 4, 5, 6, 7],
[ 8, 9, 10, 11]])
>>> x.var()
11.916666666666666
>>> x.var(0)
matrix([[ 10.66666667, 10.66666667, 10.66666667, 10.66666667]])
>>> x.var(1)
matrix([[ 1.25],
[ 1.25],
[ 1.25]])
"""
return N.ndarray.var(self, axis, dtype, out, ddof)._align(axis)
def prod(self, axis=None, dtype=None, out=None):
"""
Return the product of the array elements over the given axis.
Refer to `prod` for full documentation.
See Also
--------
prod, ndarray.prod
Notes
-----
Same as `ndarray.prod`, except, where that returns an `ndarray`, this
returns a `matrix` object instead.
Examples
--------
>>> x = np.matrix(np.arange(12).reshape((3,4))); x
matrix([[ 0, 1, 2, 3],
[ 4, 5, 6, 7],
[ 8, 9, 10, 11]])
>>> x.prod()
0
>>> x.prod(0)
matrix([[ 0, 45, 120, 231]])
>>> x.prod(1)
matrix([[ 0],
[ 840],
[7920]])
"""
return N.ndarray.prod(self, axis, dtype, out)._align(axis)
def any(self, axis=None, out=None):
"""
Test whether any array element along a given axis evaluates to True.
Refer to `numpy.any` for full documentation.
Parameters
----------
axis: int, optional
Axis along which logical OR is performed
out: ndarray, optional
Output to existing array instead of creating new one, must have
same shape as expected output
Returns
-------
any : bool, ndarray
Returns a single bool if `axis` is ``None``; otherwise,
returns `ndarray`
"""
return N.ndarray.any(self, axis, out)._align(axis)
def all(self, axis=None, out=None):
"""
Test whether all matrix elements along a given axis evaluate to True.
Parameters
----------
See `numpy.all` for complete descriptions
See Also
--------
numpy.all
Notes
-----
This is the same as `ndarray.all`, but it returns a `matrix` object.
Examples
--------
>>> x = np.matrix(np.arange(12).reshape((3,4))); x
matrix([[ 0, 1, 2, 3],
[ 4, 5, 6, 7],
[ 8, 9, 10, 11]])
>>> y = x[0]; y
matrix([[0, 1, 2, 3]])
>>> (x == y)
matrix([[ True, True, True, True],
[False, False, False, False],
[False, False, False, False]], dtype=bool)
>>> (x == y).all()
False
>>> (x == y).all(0)
matrix([[False, False, False, False]], dtype=bool)
>>> (x == y).all(1)
matrix([[ True],
[False],
[False]], dtype=bool)
"""
return N.ndarray.all(self, axis, out)._align(axis)
def max(self, axis=None, out=None):
"""
Return the maximum value along an axis.
Parameters
----------
See `amax` for complete descriptions
See Also
--------
amax, ndarray.max
Notes
-----
This is the same as `ndarray.max`, but returns a `matrix` object
where `ndarray.max` would return an ndarray.
Examples
--------
>>> x = np.matrix(np.arange(12).reshape((3,4))); x
matrix([[ 0, 1, 2, 3],
[ 4, 5, 6, 7],
[ 8, 9, 10, 11]])
>>> x.max()
11
>>> x.max(0)
matrix([[8, 9, 10, 11]])
>>> x.argmax(1)
matrix([[3],
[7],
[11]])
"""
return N.ndarray.max(self, axis, out)._align(axis)
def argmax(self, axis=None, out=None):
"""
Indices of the maximum values along an axis.
Parameters
----------
See `numpy.argmax` for complete descriptions
See Also
--------
numpy.argmax
Notes
-----
This is the same as `ndarray.argmax`, but returns a `matrix` object
where `ndarray.argmax` would return an `ndarray`.
Examples
--------
>>> x = np.matrix(np.arange(12).reshape((3,4))); x
matrix([[ 0, 1, 2, 3],
[ 4, 5, 6, 7],
[ 8, 9, 10, 11]])
>>> x.argmax()
11
>>> x.argmax(0)
matrix([[2, 2, 2, 2]])
>>> x.argmax(1)
matrix([[3],
[3],
[3]])
"""
return N.ndarray.argmax(self, axis, out)._align(axis)
def min(self, axis=None, out=None):
"""
Return the minimum value along an axis.
Parameters
----------
See `amin` for complete descriptions.
See Also
--------
amin, ndarray.min
Notes
-----
This is the same as `ndarray.min`, but returns a `matrix` object
where `ndarray.min` would return an ndarray.
Examples
--------
>>> x = -np.matrix(np.arange(12).reshape((3,4))); x
matrix([[ 0, -1, -2, -3],
[ -4, -5, -6, -7],
[ -8, -9, -10, -11]])
>>> x.min()
-11
>>> x.min(0)
matrix([[ -8, -9, -10, -11]])
>>> x.min(1)
matrix([[ -3],
[ -7],
[-11]])
"""
return N.ndarray.min(self, axis, out)._align(axis)
def argmin(self, axis=None, out=None):
"""
Return the indices of the minimum values along an axis.
Parameters
----------
See `numpy.argmin` for complete descriptions.
See Also
--------
numpy.argmin
Notes
-----
This is the same as `ndarray.argmin`, but returns a `matrix` object
where `ndarray.argmin` would return an `ndarray`.
Examples
--------
>>> x = -np.matrix(np.arange(12).reshape((3,4))); x
matrix([[ 0, -1, -2, -3],
[ -4, -5, -6, -7],
[ -8, -9, -10, -11]])
>>> x.argmin()
11
>>> x.argmin(0)
matrix([[2, 2, 2, 2]])
>>> x.argmin(1)
matrix([[3],
[3],
[3]])
"""
return N.ndarray.argmin(self, axis, out)._align(axis)
def ptp(self, axis=None, out=None):
"""
Peak-to-peak (maximum - minimum) value along the given axis.
Refer to `numpy.ptp` for full documentation.
See Also
--------
numpy.ptp
Notes
-----
Same as `ndarray.ptp`, except, where that would return an `ndarray` object,
this returns a `matrix` object.
Examples
--------
>>> x = np.matrix(np.arange(12).reshape((3,4))); x
matrix([[ 0, 1, 2, 3],
[ 4, 5, 6, 7],
[ 8, 9, 10, 11]])
>>> x.ptp()
11
>>> x.ptp(0)
matrix([[8, 8, 8, 8]])
>>> x.ptp(1)
matrix([[3],
[3],
[3]])
"""
return N.ndarray.ptp(self, axis, out)._align(axis)
def getI(self):
"""
Returns the (multiplicative) inverse of invertible `self`.
Parameters
----------
None
Returns
-------
ret : matrix object
If `self` is non-singular, `ret` is such that ``ret * self`` ==
``self * ret`` == ``np.matrix(np.eye(self[0,:].size)`` all return
``True``.
Raises
------
numpy.linalg.linalg.LinAlgError: Singular matrix
If `self` is singular.
See Also
--------
linalg.inv
Examples
--------
>>> m = np.matrix('[1, 2; 3, 4]'); m
matrix([[1, 2],
[3, 4]])
>>> m.getI()
matrix([[-2. , 1. ],
[ 1.5, -0.5]])
>>> m.getI() * m
matrix([[ 1., 0.],
[ 0., 1.]])
"""
M,N = self.shape
if M == N:
from numpy.dual import inv as func
else:
from numpy.dual import pinv as func
return asmatrix(func(self))
def getA(self):
"""
Return `self` as an `ndarray` object.
Equivalent to ``np.asarray(self)``.
Parameters
----------
None
Returns
-------
ret : ndarray
`self` as an `ndarray`
Examples
--------
>>> x = np.matrix(np.arange(12).reshape((3,4))); x
matrix([[ 0, 1, 2, 3],
[ 4, 5, 6, 7],
[ 8, 9, 10, 11]])
>>> x.getA()
array([[ 0, 1, 2, 3],
[ 4, 5, 6, 7],
[ 8, 9, 10, 11]])
"""
return self.__array__()
def getA1(self):
"""
Return `self` as a flattened `ndarray`.
Equivalent to ``np.asarray(x).ravel()``
Parameters
----------
None
Returns
-------
ret : ndarray
`self`, 1-D, as an `ndarray`
Examples
--------
>>> x = np.matrix(np.arange(12).reshape((3,4))); x
matrix([[ 0, 1, 2, 3],
[ 4, 5, 6, 7],
[ 8, 9, 10, 11]])
>>> x.getA1()
array([ 0, 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10, 11])
"""
return self.__array__().ravel()
def getT(self):
"""
Returns the transpose of the matrix.
Does *not* conjugate! For the complex conjugate transpose, use `getH`.
Parameters
----------
None
Returns
-------
ret : matrix object
The (non-conjugated) transpose of the matrix.
See Also
--------
transpose, getH
Examples
--------
>>> m = np.matrix('[1, 2; 3, 4]')
>>> m
matrix([[1, 2],
[3, 4]])
>>> m.getT()
matrix([[1, 3],
[2, 4]])
"""
return self.transpose()
def getH(self):
"""
Returns the (complex) conjugate transpose of `self`.
Equivalent to ``np.transpose(self)`` if `self` is real-valued.
Parameters
----------
None
Returns
-------
ret : matrix object
complex conjugate transpose of `self`
Examples
--------
>>> x = np.matrix(np.arange(12).reshape((3,4)))
>>> z = x - 1j*x; z
matrix([[ 0. +0.j, 1. -1.j, 2. -2.j, 3. -3.j],
[ 4. -4.j, 5. -5.j, 6. -6.j, 7. -7.j],
[ 8. -8.j, 9. -9.j, 10.-10.j, 11.-11.j]])
>>> z.getH()
matrix([[ 0. +0.j, 4. +4.j, 8. +8.j],
[ 1. +1.j, 5. +5.j, 9. +9.j],
[ 2. +2.j, 6. +6.j, 10.+10.j],
[ 3. +3.j, 7. +7.j, 11.+11.j]])
"""
if issubclass(self.dtype.type, N.complexfloating):
return self.transpose().conjugate()
else:
return self.transpose()
T = property(getT, None, doc="transpose")
A = property(getA, None, doc="base array")
A1 = property(getA1, None, doc="1-d base array")
H = property(getH, None, doc="hermitian (conjugate) transpose")
I = property(getI, None, doc="inverse")
def _from_string(str,gdict,ldict):
rows = str.split(';')
rowtup = []
for row in rows:
trow = row.split(',')
newrow = []
for x in trow:
newrow.extend(x.split())
trow = newrow
coltup = []
for col in trow:
col = col.strip()
try:
thismat = ldict[col]
except KeyError:
try:
thismat = gdict[col]
except KeyError:
raise KeyError, "%s not found" % (col,)
coltup.append(thismat)
rowtup.append(concatenate(coltup,axis=-1))
return concatenate(rowtup,axis=0)
def bmat(obj, ldict=None, gdict=None):
"""
Build a matrix object from a string, nested sequence, or array.
Parameters
----------
obj : string, sequence or array
Input data. Variables names in the current scope may
be referenced, even if `obj` is a string.
Returns
-------
out : matrix
Returns a matrix object, which is a specialized 2-D array.
See Also
--------
matrix
Examples
--------
>>> A = np.mat('1 1; 1 1')
>>> B = np.mat('2 2; 2 2')
>>> C = np.mat('3 4; 5 6')
>>> D = np.mat('7 8; 9 0')
All the following expressions construct the same block matrix:
>>> np.bmat([[A, B], [C, D]])
matrix([[1, 1, 2, 2],
[1, 1, 2, 2],
[3, 4, 7, 8],
[5, 6, 9, 0]])
>>> np.bmat(np.r_[np.c_[A, B], np.c_[C, D]])
matrix([[1, 1, 2, 2],
[1, 1, 2, 2],
[3, 4, 7, 8],
[5, 6, 9, 0]])
>>> np.bmat('A,B; C,D')
matrix([[1, 1, 2, 2],
[1, 1, 2, 2],
[3, 4, 7, 8],
[5, 6, 9, 0]])
"""
if isinstance(obj, str):
if gdict is None:
# get previous frame
frame = sys._getframe().f_back
glob_dict = frame.f_globals
loc_dict = frame.f_locals
else:
glob_dict = gdict
loc_dict = ldict
return matrix(_from_string(obj, glob_dict, loc_dict))
if isinstance(obj, (tuple, list)):
# [[A,B],[C,D]]
arr_rows = []
for row in obj:
if isinstance(row, N.ndarray): # not 2-d
return matrix(concatenate(obj,axis=-1))
else:
arr_rows.append(concatenate(row,axis=-1))
return matrix(concatenate(arr_rows,axis=0))
if isinstance(obj, N.ndarray):
return matrix(obj)
mat = asmatrix
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