Array API

Contents

• Overview
  • Managing Arrays
  • Finding and Enumerating Elements
• Functions
  • cupsArrayAdd
  • cupsArrayClear
  • cupsArrayCount
  • cupsArrayCurrent
  • cupsArrayDelete
  • cupsArrayDup
  • cupsArrayFind
  • cupsArrayFirst
  • cupsArrayGetIndex
  • cupsArrayGetInsert
  • cupsArrayIndex
  • cupsArrayInsert
  • cupsArrayLast
  • cupsArrayNew
  • cupsArrayNew2
  • cupsArrayNext
  • cupsArrayPrev
  • cupsArrayRemove
  • cupsArrayRestore
  • cupsArraySave
  • cupsArrayUserData
• Data Types
  • cups_ahash_func_t
  • cups_array_func_t
  • cups_array_t

Overview

The CUPS array API provides a high-performance generic array container. The contents of the array container can be sorted and the container itself is designed for optimal speed and memory usage under a wide variety of conditions. Sorted arrays use a binary search algorithm from the last found or inserted element to quickly find matching elements in the array. Arrays created with the optional hash function can often find elements with a single lookup. The cups_array_t type is used when referring to a CUPS array.

The CUPS scheduler (cupsd) and many of the CUPS API functions use the array API to efficiently manage large lists of data.

Managing Arrays

Arrays are created using either the cupsArrayNew or cupsArrayNew2 functions. The first function creates a new array with the specified callback function and user data pointer:

#include <cups/array.h>

static int compare_func(void *first, void *second, void *user_data);

void *user_data;
cups_array_t *array = cupsArrayNew(compare_func, user_data);

The comparison function (type cups_arrayfunc_t) is called whenever an element is added to the array and can be NULL to create an unsorted array. The function returns -1 if the first element should come before the second, 0 if the first and second elements should have the same ordering, and 1 if the first element should come after the second.

The "user_data" pointer is passed to your comparison function. Pass NULL if you do not need to associate the elements in your array with additional information.

The cupsArrayNew2 function adds two more arguments to support hashed lookups, which can potentially provide instantaneous ("O(1)") lookups in your array:

#include <cups/array.h>

#define HASH_SIZE 512 /* Size of hash table */

static int compare_func(void *first, void *second, void *user_data);
static int hash_func(void *element, void *user_data);

void *user_data;
cups_array_t *array = cupsArrayNew2(compare_func, user_data, hash_func, HASH_SIZE);

The hash function (type cups_ahash_func_t) should return a number from 0 to (hash_size-1) that (hopefully) uniquely identifies the element and is called whenever you look up an element in the array with cupsArrayFind. The hash size is only limited by available memory, but generally should not be larger than 16384 to realize any performance improvement.

Once you have created the array, you add elements using the cupsArrayAdd cupsArrayInsert functions. The first function adds an element to the array, adding the new element after any elements that have the same order, while the second inserts the element before others with the same order. For unsorted arrays, cupsArrayAdd appends the element to the end of the array while cupsArrayInsert inserts the element at the beginning of the array. For example, the following code creates a sorted array of character strings:

#include <cups/array.h>

/* Use strcmp() to compare strings - it will ignore the user_data pointer */
cups_array_t *array = cupsArrayNew((cups_array_func_t)strcmp, NULL);

/* Add four strings to the array */
cupsArrayAdd(array, "One Fish");
cupsArrayAdd(array, "Two Fish");
cupsArrayAdd(array, "Red Fish");
cupsArrayAdd(array, "Blue Fish");

Elements are removed using the cupsArrayRemove function, for example:

#include <cups/array.h>

/* Use strcmp() to compare strings - it will ignore the user_data pointer */
cups_array_t *array = cupsArrayNew((cups_array_func_t)strcmp, NULL);

/* Add four strings to the array */
cupsArrayAdd(array, "One Fish");
cupsArrayAdd(array, "Two Fish");
cupsArrayAdd(array, "Red Fish");
cupsArrayAdd(array, "Blue Fish");

/* Remove "Red Fish" */
cupsArrayRemove(array, "Red Fish");

Finally, you free the memory used by the array using the cupsArrayDelete function. All of the memory for the array and hash table (if any) is freed, however CUPS does not free the elements - if necessary, you must allocate and free the elements yourself.

Finding and Enumerating Elements

CUPS provides several functions to find and enumerate elements in an array. Each one sets or updates a "current index" into the array, such that future lookups will start where the last one left off:

cupsArrayFind

Returns the first matching element.

cupsArrayFirst

Returns the first element in the array.

cupsArrayIndex

Returns the Nth element in the array, starting at 0.

cupsArrayLast

Returns the last element in the array.

cupsArrayNext

Returns the next element in the array.

cupsArrayPrev

Returns the previous element in the array.

Each of these functions returns NULL when there is no corresponding element. For example, a simple for loop using the cupsArrayFirst and cupsArrayNext functions will enumerate all of the strings in our previous example:

#include <cups/array.h>

/* Use strcmp() to compare strings - it will ignore the user_data pointer */
cups_array_t *array = cupsArrayNew((cups_array_func_t)strcmp, NULL);

/* Add four strings to the array */
cupsArrayAdd(array, "One Fish");
cupsArrayAdd(array, "Two Fish");
cupsArrayAdd(array, "Red Fish");
cupsArrayAdd(array, "Blue Fish");

/* Show all of the strings in the array */
char *s;
for (s = (char *)cupsArrayFirst(array); s != NULL; s = (char *)cupsArrayNext(array))
  puts(s);

Functions

 CUPS 1.2/Mac OS X 10.5 cupsArrayAdd

Add an element to the array.

int cupsArrayAdd (
    cups_array_t *a,
    void *e
);

Parameters

a

Array

e

Element

Return Value

1 on success, 0 on failure

Discussion

When adding an element to a sorted array, non-unique elements are appended at the end of the run of identical elements. For unsorted arrays, the element is appended to the end of the array.

 CUPS 1.2/Mac OS X 10.5 cupsArrayClear

Clear the array.

void cupsArrayClear (
    cups_array_t *a
);

Parameters

a

Array

Discussion

This function is equivalent to removing all elements in the array. The caller is responsible for freeing the memory used by the elements themselves.

 CUPS 1.2/Mac OS X 10.5 cupsArrayCount

Get the number of elements in the array.

int cupsArrayCount (
    cups_array_t *a
);

Parameters

a

Array

Return Value

Number of elements

 CUPS 1.2/Mac OS X 10.5 cupsArrayCurrent

Return the current element in the array.

void *cupsArrayCurrent (
    cups_array_t *a
);

Parameters

a

Array

Return Value

Element

Discussion

The current element is undefined until you call cupsArrayFind, cupsArrayFirst, or cupsArrayIndex, or cupsArrayLast.

 CUPS 1.2/Mac OS X 10.5 cupsArrayDelete

Free all memory used by the array.

void cupsArrayDelete (
    cups_array_t *a
);

Parameters

a

Array

Discussion

The caller is responsible for freeing the memory used by the elements themselves.

 CUPS 1.2/Mac OS X 10.5 cupsArrayDup

Duplicate the array.

cups_array_t *cupsArrayDup (
    cups_array_t *a
);

Parameters

a

Array

Return Value

Duplicate array

 CUPS 1.2/Mac OS X 10.5 cupsArrayFind

Find an element in the array.

void *cupsArrayFind (
    cups_array_t *a,
    void *e
);

Parameters

a

Array

e

Element

Return Value

Element found or NULL

 CUPS 1.2/Mac OS X 10.5 cupsArrayFirst

Get the first element in the array.

void *cupsArrayFirst (
    cups_array_t *a
);

Parameters

a

Array

Return Value

First element or NULL if the array is empty

 CUPS 1.3/Mac OS X 10.5 cupsArrayGetIndex

Get the index of the current element.

int cupsArrayGetIndex (
    cups_array_t *a
);

Parameters

a

Array

Return Value

Index of the current element, starting at 0

Discussion

The current element is undefined until you call cupsArrayFind, cupsArrayFirst, or cupsArrayIndex, or cupsArrayLast.

 CUPS 1.3/Mac OS X 10.5 cupsArrayGetInsert

Get the index of the last inserted element.

int cupsArrayGetInsert (
    cups_array_t *a
);

Parameters

a

Array

Return Value

Index of the last inserted element, starting at 0

 CUPS 1.2/Mac OS X 10.5 cupsArrayIndex

Get the N-th element in the array.

void *cupsArrayIndex (
    cups_array_t *a,
    int n
);

Parameters

a

Array

n

Index into array, starting at 0

Return Value

N-th element or NULL

 CUPS 1.2/Mac OS X 10.5 cupsArrayInsert

Insert an element in the array.

int cupsArrayInsert (
    cups_array_t *a,
    void *e
);

Parameters

a

Array

e

Element

Return Value

0 on failure, 1 on success

Discussion

When inserting an element in a sorted array, non-unique elements are inserted at the beginning of the run of identical elements. For unsorted arrays, the element is inserted at the beginning of the array.

 CUPS 1.2/Mac OS X 10.5 cupsArrayLast

Get the last element in the array.

void *cupsArrayLast (
    cups_array_t *a
);

Parameters

a

Array

Return Value

Last element or NULL if the array is empty

 CUPS 1.2/Mac OS X 10.5 cupsArrayNew

Create a new array.

cups_array_t *cupsArrayNew (
    cups_array_func_t f,
    void *d
);

Parameters

f

Comparison function or NULL for an unsorted array

d

User data pointer or NULL

Return Value

Array

Discussion

The comparison function ("f") is used to create a sorted array. The function receives pointers to two elements and the user data pointer ("d") - the user data pointer argument can safely be omitted when not required so functions like strcmp can be used for sorted string arrays.

 CUPS 1.3/Mac OS X 10.5 cupsArrayNew2

Create a new array with hash.

cups_array_t *cupsArrayNew2 (
    cups_array_func_t f,
    void *d,
    cups_ahash_func_t h,
    int hsize
);

Parameters

f

Comparison function or NULL for an unsorted array

d

User data or NULL

h

Hash function or NULL for unhashed lookups

hsize

Hash size (>= 0)

Return Value

Array

Discussion

The comparison function ("f") is used to create a sorted array. The function receives pointers to two elements and the user data pointer ("d") - the user data pointer argument can safely be omitted when not required so functions like strcmp can be used for sorted string arrays.

The hash function ("h") is used to implement cached lookups with the specified hash size ("hsize").

 CUPS 1.2/Mac OS X 10.5 cupsArrayNext

Get the next element in the array.

void *cupsArrayNext (
    cups_array_t *a
);

Parameters

a

Array

Return Value

Next element or NULL

Discussion

This function is equivalent to "cupsArrayIndex(a, cupsArrayGetIndex(a) + 1)".

The next element is undefined until you call cupsArrayFind, cupsArrayFirst, or cupsArrayIndex, or cupsArrayLast to set the current element.

 CUPS 1.2/Mac OS X 10.5 cupsArrayPrev

Get the previous element in the array.

void *cupsArrayPrev (
    cups_array_t *a
);

Parameters

a

Array

Return Value

Previous element or NULL

Discussion

This function is equivalent to "cupsArrayIndex(a, cupsArrayGetIndex(a) - 1)".

The previous element is undefined until you call cupsArrayFind, cupsArrayFirst, or cupsArrayIndex, or cupsArrayLast to set the current element.

 CUPS 1.2/Mac OS X 10.5 cupsArrayRemove

Remove an element from the array.

int cupsArrayRemove (
    cups_array_t *a,
    void *e
);

Parameters

a

Array

e

Element

Return Value

1 on success, 0 on failure

Discussion

If more than one element matches "e", only the first matching element is removed.

The caller is responsible for freeing the memory used by the removed element.

 CUPS 1.2/Mac OS X 10.5 cupsArrayRestore

Reset the current element to the last cupsArraySave.

void *cupsArrayRestore (
    cups_array_t *a
);

Parameters

a

Array

Return Value

New current element

 CUPS 1.2/Mac OS X 10.5 cupsArraySave

Mark the current element for a later cupsArrayRestore.

int cupsArraySave (
    cups_array_t *a
);

Parameters

a

Array

Return Value

1 on success, 0 on failure

Discussion

The current element is undefined until you call cupsArrayFind, cupsArrayFirst, or cupsArrayIndex, or cupsArrayLast to set the current element.

The save/restore stack is guaranteed to be at least 32 elements deep.

 CUPS 1.2/Mac OS X 10.5 cupsArrayUserData

Return the user data for an array.

void *cupsArrayUserData (
    cups_array_t *a
);

Parameters

a

Array

Return Value

User data

Data Types

cups_ahash_func_t

Array hash function

typedef int (*cups_ahash_func_t)(void *element, void *data);

cups_array_func_t

Array comparison function

typedef int (*cups_array_func_t)(void *first, void *second, void *data);

cups_array_t

CUPS array type

typedef struct _cups_array_s cups_array_t;